Organization WH. Universal health coverage (UHC). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc).
Cotlear DNS, Smith O, Tandon A, Cortez R. Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the Bottom Up. 2015.
Murray CJ, Frenk J, Organization WH. A WHO framework for health system performance assessment. 1999.
Jacobs B, Ir P, Bigdeli M, Annear PL, Van Damme W. Addressing access barriers to health services: an analytical framework for selecting appropriate interventions in low-income Asian countries. Health Policy Plann. 2012;27(4):288–300.
Google Scholar
Su TT, Kouyaté B, Flessa S. Catastrophic household expenditure for health care in a low-income society: a study from Nouna district, Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84(1):21–7.
Google Scholar
Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? J Health Soc Behav. 1995:1–10.
Tanahashi T. Health service coverage and its evaluation. Bull World Health Organ. 1978;56(2):295.
Google Scholar
Levesque J-F, Harris MF, Russell G. Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12:1–9.
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Bangladesh National Health Accounts 1997-2015 Health Economics Unit, Health Services Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People’s republic of Bangladesh. Accessed 7 July 2024.
Chisolm DJ, Dugan JA, Figueroa JF, et al. Improving health equity through health care systems research. Health Serv Res. 2023;58:289–99.
Google Scholar
Joarder T, Chaudhury T, Mannan I. Universal Health Coverage in Bangladesh: Activities, Challenges, and Suggestions. Adv Public Health. 2019:2019;1–12.
Rahman MS, Rahman MM, Gilmour S, Swe KT, Abe SK, Shibuya K. Trends in, and projections of, indicators of universal health coverage in bangladesh, 1995–2030: a bayesian analysis of population-based household data. Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(1):e84–94.
Google Scholar
Group WB. Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Bangladesh. Accessed 7 July 2024.
Rahman MM, Karan A, Rahman MS, et al. Progress toward universal health coverage: a comparative analysis in 5 South Asian countries. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(9):1297–305.
Google Scholar
Das J, Kundu S, Hossain B. Rural-urban difference in meeting the need for healthcare and food among older adults: evidence from India. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1231.
Google Scholar
Kailembo A, Preet R, Stewart Williams J. Socioeconomic inequality in self-reported unmet need for oral health services in adults aged 50 years and over in china, ghana, and India. Int J Equity Health. 2018;17:1–14.
Google Scholar
Kowal P, Corso B, Anindya K, et al. Prevalence of unmet health care need in older adults in 83 countries: measuring progressing towards universal health coverage in the context of global population ageing. Popul Health Metrics. 2023;21(1):15.
Google Scholar
Mahapatro SR, James K, Mishra US. Intersection of class, caste, gender and unmet healthcare needs in india: implications for health policy. Health Policy OPEN. 2021;2:100040.
Google Scholar
Srivastava AK, Kandpal SD. Social problems and basic unmet need of the elderly: a cross sectional study in rural field practice area of medical college, Dehradun. Indian J Community Health. 2013;25(3):221–5.
Vora K, Saiyed S, Mavalankar D, Baines LS, Jindal RM. Trust deficit in surgical systems in an urban slum in India under universal health coverage: A mixed method study. Int J Public Health. 2022;67:1604924. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604924.
Google Scholar
Vora K, Saiyed S, Salvi F, Baines LS, Mavalankar D, Jindal RM. Unmet surgical needs and trust deficit in marginalized communities in india: A comparative Cross-Sectional survey. J Surg Res Dec. 2023;292:239–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.08.001.
Google Scholar
Wani F, Rather R, Ahmad M. Self-reported unmet healthcare needs during coronavirus disease-19 pandemic lockdown. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2020;010.5455/ijmsph.2020.09151202017092020.
Yadav J, Devi S, Singh MN, Manchanda N, Moradhawaj. Health care utilization and expenditure inequities in india: benefit incidence analysis. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2022;15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101053.
Yadav R, Yadav J, Shekhar C. Unmet need for treatment-seeking from public health facilities in india: an analysis of sociodemographic, regional and disease-wise variations. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022;2(4):e0000148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000148.
Google Scholar
Chongthawonsatid S, Identification of Unmet Healthcare Needs. A National survey in Thailand. J Prev Med Public Health Mar. 2021;54(2):129–36. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.318.
Google Scholar
Kowal P, Corso B, Anindya K, et al. Prevalence of unmet health care need in older adults in 83 countries: measuring progressing towards universal health coverage in the context of global population ageing. Popul Health Metr Sep. 2023;15(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-023-00308-8.
Google Scholar
Kunpeuk W, Julchoo S, Phaiyarom M, Sinam P, Pudpong N, Suphanchaimat R. A Cross-Sectional study on disparities in unmet need among refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand in 2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;8(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083901.
Suphanchaimat R, Sinam P, Phaiyarom M, et al. A cross sectional study of unmet need for health services amongst urban refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand in comparison with Thai population, 2019. Int J Equity Health Nov. 2020;11(1):205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01316-y.
Google Scholar
Thammatacharee N, Tisayaticom K, Suphanchaimat R, et al. Prevalence and profiles of unmet healthcare need in Thailand. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1–8.
Google Scholar
Vongmongkol V, Viriyathorn S, Wanwong Y, Wangbanjongkun W, Tangcharoensathien V. Annual prevalence of unmet healthcare need in thailand: evidence from National household surveys between 2011 and 2019. Int J Equity Health Nov. 2021;12(1):244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01578-0.
Google Scholar
Pryor W, Nguyen L, Islam QN, Jalal FA, Marella M. Unmet needs and use of assistive products in two districts of bangladesh: findings from a household survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122901.
Rahman MM, Islam MR, Rahman MS, et al. Forgone healthcare and financial burden due to out-of-pocket payments in bangladesh: a multilevel analysis. Health Econ Rev Jan. 2022;10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-021-00348-6.
Google Scholar
Kshetri DB, Smith WC. Self-reported health problems, health care utilisation and unmet health care needs of elderly men and women in an urban municipality and a rural area of Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Aging Male Jun. 2011;14(2):127–31. https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2010.502272.
Google Scholar
Poudel M, Ojha A, Yadav DK, Sah RB, Chakravartty A, Ghimire A. Unmet health care needs of elderly residing on urban areas of Sunsari district, Nepal. A Cross Sectional Study; 2020.
Banks LM, O’Fallon T, Hameed S, Usman SK, Polack S, Kuper H. Disability and the achievement of universal health coverage in the Maldives. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278292.
Google Scholar
Lee H, Robinson C, Kim J, McKee M, Cha J. Health and healthcare in North korea: a retrospective study among defectors. Confl Health. 2020;14:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-020-00284-y.
Google Scholar
Tinn CS, Paek SC, Meemon N. Unmet healthcare needs and their determining factors: addressing inequalities in access to healthcare in Myanmar. J Popul Social Stud. 2024;32:591–608. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv322024.035.
Google Scholar
BBS. Population and Housing Census 2022, National Report. Volume I. 2022. Accessed 7 July 2024.
Rahman MM, Nakamura R, Islam MM, Alam MA, Azmat SK, Sato M. Effectiveness of a community Pharmacy-Based health promotion program on hypertension in Bangladesh and pakistan: study protocol for a Cluster-Randomized controlled trial. MDPI; 2024. p. 1402.
Huffman MD, Capewell S, Ning H, Shay CM, Ford ES, Lloyd-Jones DM. Cardiovascular health behavior and health factor changes (1988–2008) and projections to 2020: results from the National health and nutrition examination surveys. Circulation. 2012;125(21):2595–602. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.07072.
Google Scholar
Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting National goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American heart association’s strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586–613. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703.
Google Scholar
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. National trends in ideal cardiovascular health among adults in Bhutan from three cross-sectional surveys in 2007, 2014, and 2019. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09688-7.
Google Scholar
Xu K, Evans DB, Kawabata K, Zeramdini R, Klavus J, Murray CJ, Gov’t US. P H S Lancet Jul. 2003;12(9378):111–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13861-5.
Google Scholar
Rahman MS, Rahman MA, Afroze L, Islam SMS. Unmet needs for mental care services for older people in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Psychiatry. 2020;33(6).
Hinata H, Lwin KS, Eguchi A, Ghaznavi C, Hashizume M, Nomura S. Factors associated with barriers to healthcare access among ever-married women of reproductive age in bangladesh: analysis from the 2017–2018 Bangladesh demographic and health survey. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(1):e0289324.
Google Scholar
Ahmed SM, Adams AM, Chowdhury M, Bhuiya A. Gender, socioeconomic development and health-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(3):361–71.
Google Scholar
Ahmed SM, Hossain MA, Chowdhury MR. Informal sector providers in bangladesh: how equipped are they to provide rational health care? Health Policy Plann. 2009;24(6):467–78.
Google Scholar
Peters DH, Garg A, Bloom G, Walker DG, Brieger WR, Hafizur Rahman M. Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136(1):161–71.
Google Scholar
Hossain MB, Phillips JF, Pence B. The effect of women’s status on infant and child mortality in four rural areas of Bangladesh. J Biosoc Sci. 2007;39(3):355–66.
Google Scholar
Biswas T, Garnett SP, Pervin S, Rawal LB. The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in Bangladeshi adults: data from a National survey. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0177395.
Google Scholar
Mahumud RA, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Islam Z, Khan J, Morton A. Distribution and determinants of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures in Bangladesh. J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(2):91.
Google Scholar
Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, Kizuki M. Intimate partner violence and chronic undernutrition among married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age: are the poor uniquely disadvantaged? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(3):301–7.
Google Scholar
Momtaz YA, Hamid TA, Ibrahim R. Unmet needs among disabled elderly Malaysians. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(5):859–63.
Google Scholar
Sheikh N, Sarker AR, Sultana M, et al. Disease-specific distress healthcare financing and catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization in Bangladesh. Int J Equity Health. 2022;21(1):114.
Google Scholar
Rahman T, Gasbarro D, Alam K. Financial risk protection in health care in Bangladesh in the era of universal health coverage. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(6):e0269113.
Google Scholar
Rahman T, Gasbarro D, Alam K. Financial risk protection against noncommunicable diseases: trends and patterns in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1835.
Google Scholar
Rahman MM, Islam MR, Rahman MS, et al. Forgone healthcare and financial burden due to out-of-pocket payments in bangladesh: a multilevel analysis. Health Econ Rev. 2022;12:1–11.
Google Scholar
Begum A, Hamid SA. Impoverishment impact of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in rural bangladesh: do the regions facing different climate change risks matter? PLoS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0252706.
Google Scholar
Serván-Mori E, Islam MD, Kaplan WA, Thrasher R, Wirtz VJ. Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in bangladesh: an analysis of the National household income and expenditure survey 2016–17. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9):e0274671.
Google Scholar
Joe W, Rajpal S. Unravelling the socioeconomic gradient in the incidence of catastrophic health care expenditure: a comment. Health Policy Plann. 2018;33(5):699–701.
Google Scholar
Sarker AR, Sultana M, Alam K, et al. Households’ out-of-pocket expenditure for healthcare in bangladesh: A health financing incidence analysis. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2021;36(6):2106–17.
Google Scholar
Sriram S, Albadrani M. A study of catastrophic health expenditures in India-evidence from nationally representative survey data: 2014–2018. F1000Research. 2022;11.
Ahmed S, Ahmed MW, Hasan MZ, et al. Assessing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from out-of-pocket payments and their determinants in bangladesh: evidence from the nationwide household income and expenditure survey 2016. Int Health. 2022;14(1):84–96.
Google Scholar
Mohanty SK, Chauhan RK, Mazumdar S, Srivastava A. Out-of-pocket expenditure on health care among elderly and non-elderly households in India. Soc Indic Res. 2014;115:1137–57.
Google Scholar
Wu L, Liu Q, Fu R, Ma J. Unmet healthcare needs, health outcomes, and health inequalities among older people in China. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1082517.
Google Scholar
Okamoto S, Sata M, Rosenberg M, et al. Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: catastrophic health expenditure and unmet need for healthcare. Health Econ Rev. 2024;14(1):8.
Google Scholar
link